{"id":13510,"date":"2020-09-13T16:12:52","date_gmt":"2020-09-13T13:12:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.plantmaster.ro\/?p=13510"},"modified":"2020-09-13T16:12:55","modified_gmt":"2020-09-13T13:12:55","slug":"cultura-de-zmeura-totul-despre-plantare-si-ingrijire","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.plantmaster.ro\/blog\/agricultura\/cultura-de-zmeura-totul-despre-plantare-si-ingrijire\/","title":{"rendered":"Cultura de zmeur\u0103. Totul despre plantare \u0219i \u00eengrijire"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Informa\u021bii de baz\u0103 despre zmeur\u0103<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u00cen general, cultura de zmeur\u0103 este profitabil\u0103 chiar \u0219i atunci c\u00e2nd suprafa\u021ba cultivat\u0103 este mic\u0103. Aceast\u0103 cultur\u0103 se \u00eenfiin\u021beaz\u0103, de obicei, toamna, pe terenuri \u00eensorite. Zmeurul este un arbust \u00eent\u00e2lnit frecvent \u00een zonele de deal \u0219i de munte, unde cre\u0219te spontan. Totu\u0219i, el se adapteaz\u0103 cu u\u0219urin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i la condi\u021biile din gr\u0103din\u0103 \u0219i poate fi cultivat \u00een pepiniere, unde are parte de toat\u0103 \u00eengrijirea de care are nevoie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zmeura este un fruct mic \u0219i roz, care se utilizeaz\u0103 adeseori pentru realizarea diverselor deserturi, prepararea gemurilor, dulce\u021burilor, jeleurilor \u0219i altele asemenea. \u00cen continuare \u00ee\u021bi vom prezenta tot ce trebuie s\u0103 \u0219tii despre cultura de zmeur\u0103, de la plantare \u0219i \u00eengrijire p\u00e2n\u0103 la recoltare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plantarea zmeurei \u2013 tot ce trebuie s\u0103 \u0219tii<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Pentru a avea o cultur\u0103 de zmeur\u0103 cu rod s\u0103n\u0103tos \u0219i bogat, este esen\u021bial s\u0103 \u021bii cont de c\u00e2teva recomand\u0103ri. La fel ca orice alt\u0103 plant\u0103, \u0219i zmeurul are nevoie de anumite condi\u021bii care \u00eei sunt prielnice \u0219i de \u00eengrijire corespunz\u0103toare, care s\u0103 \u00eel ajute s\u0103 se dezvolte s\u0103n\u0103tos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Care sunt terenurile ideale pentru cultura de zmeur\u0103?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Zmeurul prefer\u0103 climatul umed \u0219i r\u0103coros, a\u0219a cum este \u00een zonele cu p\u0103duri de foioase, \u00eens\u0103 are nevoie, \u00een acela\u0219i timp, de un teren \u00eensorit. Excesul de umiditate, \u00eenghe\u021bul \u0219i v\u00e2ntul puternic afecteaz\u0103 cre\u0219terea zmeurului.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cultura de zmeur\u0103 se \u00eenfiin\u021beaz\u0103 pe soluri u\u0219oare, fertile \u0219i bine drenate. Nu sunt recomandate solurile grele \u0219i argiloase, deoarece acestea re\u021bin la suprafa\u021b\u0103 o cantitate mare de ap\u0103. Pentru \u00eenfiin\u021barea culturii de zmeur\u0103 sunt ideale zonele de deal, \u00een special pantele sudice, unde arbu\u0219tii de zmeur primesc suficient\u0103 lumin\u0103, iar fructele lor se coc mai repede.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00cen zonele cu c\u00e2mpie arid\u0103 nu exist\u0103 condi\u021bii prielnice pentru \u00eenfiin\u021barea unei culturi de zmeur\u0103. De asemenea, se \u021bine cont \u0219i de soiul de zmeur ales, deoarece exist\u0103 diverse variante, precum soiuri timpurii sau cu \u00eenflorire t\u00e2rzie, care sunt adaptate condi\u021biilor specifice diferitelor regiuni ale \u021b\u0103rii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Care este perioada optim\u0103 de plantare pentru cultura de zmeur\u0103?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Zmeurul poate fi plantat la \u00eenceputul prim\u0103verii, \u00een perioada martie-aprilie, atunci c\u00e2nd noaptea temperaturile nu mai scad sub 0 grade Celsius. Momentul ideal pentru \u00eenfiin\u021barea culturii de zmeur\u0103 sunt lunile de toamn\u0103, perioada octombrie-noiembrie. Culturile de zmeur\u0103 \u00eenfiin\u021bate toamna, dup\u0103 c\u0103derea frunzelor, intr\u0103 \u00een procesul de vegeta\u021bie timpuriu, la \u00eenceputul prim\u0103verii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cum preg\u0103te\u0219ti terenul pentru cultura de zmeur\u0103<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Dac\u0103 \u00ee\u021bi dore\u0219ti s\u0103 \u00eenfiin\u021bezi cultura de zmeur\u0103 pe o suprafa\u021b\u0103 mai mare, trebuie s\u0103 testezi terenul timp de doi ani, cultiv\u00e2nd mai \u00eent\u00e2i plantele pe o suprafa\u021b\u0103 mai redus\u0103. \u00cenainte de plantare, este necesar s\u0103 realizezi teste la nivelul solului, pentru a afla compozi\u021bia chimic\u0103 a acestuia \u0219i nivelul s\u0103u de aciditate. Zmeurul necesit\u0103 un teren bogat \u00een humus \u0219i un pH cuprins \u00eentre valorile 5,5 \u0219i 6,5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Preg\u0103tirea terenului pentru cultura de zmeur\u0103 presupune erbicidarea \u0219i ar\u0103tura de desfundare, executat\u0103 la o ad\u00e2ncime de aproximativ 50 cm. Pot exista plante premerg\u0103toare pe terenul unde vei \u00eenfiin\u021ba cultura de zmeur\u0103, iar plantele recomandate ca fiind premerg\u0103toare zmeurului sunt leguminoasele \u0219i cerealele p\u0103ioase (gr\u00e2u, secar\u0103, ov\u0103z, orz). Nu sunt recomandate ca plante premerg\u0103toare zmeurului: tomatele, cartofii \u0219i ardeii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Primul pas \u00een preg\u0103tirea locului pentru plantare este luarea unui e\u0219antion de p\u0103m\u00e2nt pentru a se verifica dac\u0103 acesta corespunde cu indica\u021biile trecute pe specifica\u021biile rugului de zmeur. Apoi se a\u0219terne un strat de \u00eengr\u0103\u0219\u0103m\u00e2nt, care are menirea de a distruge toate buruienile sau iarba din zona respectiv\u0103. Aceste ac\u021biuni au loc \u00eenainte de plantarea propriu-zis\u0103 a rugului de zmeur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00cenfiin\u021barea culturii de zmeur\u0103<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Succesul culturii de zmeur\u0103 depinde, \u00een mare parte, de alegerea terenului potrivit. Totu\u0219i, al\u0103turi de teren, un alt detaliu care joac\u0103 un rol important \u00een succesul culturii este modul de selectare a plantelor. Plantele trebuie achizi\u021bionate din pepiniere autorizate, pentru a evita buta\u0219ii proveni\u021bi din planta\u021bii atacate de boli \u0219i d\u0103un\u0103tori, precum \u0219i cei adu\u0219i din alte \u021b\u0103ri \u0219i neaclimatiza\u021bi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dac\u0103 suprafa\u021ba de plantare este mic\u0103, se recomand\u0103 plantarea unui singur soi. \u00cen schimb, dac\u0103 suprafa\u021ba este mare, se pot planta dou\u0103-trei soiuri simultan, cu perioade de coacere diferite.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plantarea<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Dup\u0103 ce s-a preg\u0103tit temeinic terenul, urmeaz\u0103 plantarea propriu-zis\u0103 a buta\u0219ilor de zmeur\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Exist\u0103 diferite soiuri de zmeur, astfel c\u0103 distan\u021ba de plantare \u00eentre r\u00e2nduri poate diferi de la caz la caz, depinz\u00e2nd \u0219i de rezisten\u021ba \u0219i fertilitatea solului. \u00cen general, distan\u021ba recomandat\u0103 este de 2,5-3 metri \u00eentre r\u00e2nduri \u0219i 50 cm \u2013 1 metru \u00eentre plante.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Buta\u0219ii se introduc \u00een p\u0103m\u00e2nt la o ad\u00e2ncime de maximum 20 cm, cu r\u0103d\u0103cinile r\u0103sfirate. Gropile s\u0103pate pot fi mai ad\u00e2nci, de aproximativ 50 cm, iar diferen\u021ba se acoper\u0103 cu p\u0103m\u00e2nt af\u00e2nat, care are un rol important \u00een dezvoltarea radicular\u0103. Dup\u0103 plantare, groapa se acoper\u0103 cu p\u0103m\u00e2nt f\u0103r\u00e2mi\u021bat \u0219i se taseaz\u0103 bine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dac\u0103 nu cad precipita\u021bii \u00een prima s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 dup\u0103 plantarea buta\u0219ilor, se pot uda plantele cu c\u00e2\u021biva litri de ap\u0103, iar apoi nu se mai intervine p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een prim\u0103var\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sistemul de sus\u021binere pentru cultura de zmeur\u0103<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

De obicei, zmeurul are nevoie de un sistem de conducere pentru a-i sus\u021bine dezvoltarea. Cel mai des se utilizeaz\u0103 spalier cu s\u00e2rme duble, legat de st\u00e2lpi de lemn sau de beton, \u00een care primele s\u00e2rme se afl\u0103 la 60 cm distan\u021b\u0103 fa\u021b\u0103 de sol. De asemenea se utilizeaz\u0103 sistemul de sus\u021binere sub form\u0103 de evantai. Singurul caz care nu necesit\u0103 un sistem de sus\u021binere este cel sub form\u0103 de gard fructifer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00centre\u021binerea solului<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u00cen primul an, \u00eentre\u021binerea solului se rezum\u0103 la lucrarea p\u0103m\u00e2ntului. \u00cencep\u00e2nd cu al doilea an, se pot folosi, cu modera\u021bie, solu\u021bii pentru erbicidare. Una dintre principalele lucr\u0103ri de \u00eentre\u021binere a culturii de zmeur\u0103 este fertilizarea solului. Aceasta poate fi f\u0103cut\u0103 cu azot pentru soiurile mai pu\u021bin viguroase, cu magneziu, cu potasiu, fosfatic\u0103, mineral\u0103, sau organic\u0103. Fertilizarea cu azot trebuie f\u0103cut\u0103 cu precau\u021bie \u0219i este important s\u0103 se evite o administrare t\u00e2rzie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Irigarea culturii<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u00centruc\u00e2t r\u0103d\u0103cinile zmeurului nu sunt foarte ad\u00e2nci, planta nu absoarbe suficient\u0103 ap\u0103 din sol. De aceea, pe perioada verii, are nevoie de cantit\u0103\u021bi suplimentare de ap\u0103. Irigarea culturii de zmeur\u0103 se poate realiza prin aspersiune, care este o tehnic\u0103 accesibil\u0103 \u0219i poate acoperi \u00eentreaga suprafa\u021b\u0103 a culturii. O alt\u0103 op\u021biune este irigarea prin picurare, cu ajutorul unor conducte, iar aceast\u0103 metod\u0103 asigur\u0103 o cantitate constant\u0103 de ap\u0103, timp de c\u00e2teva zile.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u0103ierea tulpinilor de zmeur\u0103<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Tulpinile de zmeur\u0103 se taie prim\u0103vara, dup\u0103 plantarea buta\u0219ilor. Dac\u0103 plantarea are loc toamna, t\u0103ierea tulpinilor nu este necesar\u0103, chiar dac\u0103 exist\u0103 buruieni \u0219i frunze uscate, deoarece acestea vor proteja cultura de zmeur\u0103 peste iarn\u0103. Buta\u0219ii se scurteaz\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 la un metru lungime, iar din al doilea an, pot fi t\u0103iate tulpinile de doi ani care au rodit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Recoltarea zmeurei<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Fructele se recolteaz\u0103 la maturitate, manual, cu sau f\u0103r\u0103 receptacul, \u00een cutii de plastic de dimensiuni mici sau \u00een g\u0103le\u021bi, atunci c\u00e2nd cantit\u0103\u021bile sunt \u00eensemnate. Zmeura este un fruct perisabil, astfel c\u0103 se culege, depoziteaz\u0103 \u0219i transport\u0103 cu grij\u0103. O metod\u0103 bun\u0103 pentru a p\u0103stra zmeura pe o perioad\u0103 \u00eendelungat\u0103 este introducerea acesteia la congelator sau \u00een depozite frigorifice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Produc\u021bia are loc \u00eentre finalul lunii iunie \u0219i al lunii septembrie. \u00cen aceast\u0103 perioad\u0103 se intervine o dat\u0103 la dou\u0103 zile, pentru a culege fructele coapte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Boli \u0219i d\u0103un\u0103tori care pot afecta cultura de zmeur\u0103<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

La fel ca alte plante, \u0219i zmeura este afectat\u0103 de diverse boli \u0219i d\u0103un\u0103tori. Cele mai cunoscute amenin\u021b\u0103ri pentru cultura de zmeur\u0103 sunt: putregaiul cenu\u0219iu, f\u0103inarea, rugina, g\u0103rg\u0103ri\u021ba zmeurului, molia \u0219i viermii zmeurului.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pentru a combate bolile \u0219i d\u0103un\u0103torii care afecteaz\u0103 zmeura se realizeaz\u0103 diverse tratamente fitosanitare, care se aplic\u0103 urm\u00e2nd indica\u021biile produc\u0103torilor. Printre cele mai utilizate produse pentru combaterea bolilor \u0219i d\u0103un\u0103torilor se num\u0103r\u0103 Champ 77 WG<\/a>, Topsin 70WDG<\/a>, Calypso 480 SC<\/a><\/strong> \u0219i FOLIQ Combimax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Concluzie<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Zmeura este un fruct extrem de apreciat, iar cultivarea zmeurei se poate dovedi chiar profitabil\u0103. Se poate \u00eenfiin\u021ba o cultur\u0103 de zmeur\u0103 at\u00e2t \u00een gr\u0103din\u0103, pe o suprafa\u021b\u0103 redus\u0103, c\u00e2t \u0219i \u00een pepiniere, pe suprafe\u021be \u00eentinse. Dac\u0103 sunt respectate condi\u021biile necesare \u0219i regulile de \u00eengrijire a culturii, po\u021bi ob\u021bine o cultur\u0103 de zmeur\u0103 delicioas\u0103 \u0219i cu rod bogat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sursa foto: Pixabay<\/strong><\/h5>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Informa\u021bii de baz\u0103 despre zmeur\u0103 \u00cen general, cultura de zmeur\u0103 este profitabil\u0103 chiar \u0219i atunci c\u00e2nd suprafa\u021ba cultivat\u0103 este mic\u0103. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":37,"featured_media":13511,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[1658,1654,1655],"tags":[520,1791,1631],"class_list":["post-13510","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-agricultura","category-casa-si-gradina","category-fermieri","tag-gradina","tag-gradinar","tag-gradinarit"],"yoast_head":"\nCultura de zmeur\u0103. 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