{"id":23422,"date":"2021-05-14T20:31:00","date_gmt":"2021-05-14T17:31:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.plantmaster.ro\/?p=23422"},"modified":"2021-06-09T20:37:01","modified_gmt":"2021-06-09T17:37:01","slug":"daunatorii-prunului-clasificare-diagnostic-al-bolii-tratamente","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.plantmaster.ro\/blog\/pomicultura\/daunatorii-prunului-clasificare-diagnostic-al-bolii-tratamente\/","title":{"rendered":"D\u0103un\u0103torii prunului: Clasificare, diagnostic al bolii, tratamente"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Dintre toate speciile de pomi fructiferi, prunul se num\u0103r\u0103 printre cele mai atacate de d\u0103un\u0103tori. Atunci c\u00e2nd d\u0103un\u0103torii prunului nu sunt elimina\u021bi la timp, ace\u0219tia pot distruge complet recolta \u0219i pot chiar ucide prunul. Pentru a evita ca acest lucru s\u0103 se \u00eent\u00e2mple, este important s\u0103 \u0219tii care sunt d\u0103un\u0103torii prunului \u0219i cum pot fi comb\u0103tu\u021bi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00cen articolul de azi \u00ee\u021bi prezent\u0103m d\u0103un\u0103torii prunului \u0219i care sunt tratamentele recomandate pentru a-i combate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Clasificarea \u0219i diagnosticarea d\u0103un\u0103torilor prunului<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u00cen continuare \u00ee\u021bi prezent\u0103m, pe scurt, care sunt d\u0103un\u0103torii prunului, pe care este esen\u021bial s\u0103 \u00eei descoperi \u0219i s\u0103 \u00eei elimini la timp pentru a-\u021bi salva planta\u021bia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0103duchele cenu\u0219iu al prunului<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

P\u0103duchele cenu\u0219iu al prunului, denumit \u0219tiin\u021bific Hyalopterus pruni<\/em>, este un d\u0103un\u0103tor migrator. Gazda sa primar\u0103 este prunul, iar gazdele secundare sunt diverse tipuri de graminee. Acest d\u0103un\u0103tor ierneaz\u0103 \u00een stadiul de ou pe ramurile \u0219i scoar\u021ba prunilor. Adul\u021bii \u0219i larvele sale colonizeaz\u0103 l\u0103starii \u0219i frunzele prunului, acestea r\u0103m\u00e2n\u00e2nd mici ca urmare a atacului. Atunci c\u00e2nd sunt atacate de acest d\u0103un\u0103tor, frunzele prunului prezint\u0103 un aspect clorotic \u0219i se \u00eencovoaie. \u00cen unele situa\u021bii, acest d\u0103un\u0103tor atac\u0103 pedunculul florilor, cauz\u00e2nd c\u0103derea lor prematur\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Viermele prunului<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Viermele prunelor, denumit \u0219tiin\u021bific Cydia funebrana<\/em>,are 2 genera\u021bii pe an. Ierneaz\u0103 \u00een stadiul de larv\u0103 \u00een interiorul unui cocon m\u0103t\u0103sos \u00een cr\u0103p\u0103turile scoar\u021bei sau la baza pomilor, sub frunzele c\u0103zute. Larvele din prima genera\u021bie se hr\u0103nesc cu s\u00e2mburii fructelor verzi, iar ca urmare a atacului, acestea se opresc din dezvoltare \u0219i cad. Larvele din a doua genera\u021bie se hr\u0103nesc cu fructele aflate \u00een faza de coacere, sap\u0103 galerii \u00een jurul s\u00e2mburilor \u0219i las\u0103 \u00een ele resturi de hran\u0103 \u0219i excremente brun-negricioase. Atacul acestui d\u0103un\u0103tor se poate observa prin pic\u0103turile de gom\u0103 (clei) care sunt prezente pe fructe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Molia oriental\u0103 a fructelor<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Molia oriental\u0103 a fructelor, cunoscut\u0103 sub denumirea \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 de Cydia molesta<\/em>, are p\u00e2n\u0103 la 4 genera\u021bii pe an. Ierneaz\u0103 \u00een stadiul de larv\u0103 \u00een interiorul unui cocon m\u0103t\u0103sos \u0219i \u00een cr\u0103p\u0103turile scoar\u021bei. Atac\u0103 l\u0103starii \u0219i frunzele, \u00eens\u0103 prefer\u0103 fructele. Larvele primelor genera\u021bii se hr\u0103nesc din interiorul fructelor \u0219i produc pagube semnificative. Larvele din a treia \u0219i a patra genera\u021bie p\u0103trund \u00een fruct prin zona codi\u021bei \u0219i rod galerii neregulate \u00een jurul s\u00e2mburelui, ceea ce determin\u0103 stagnarea cre\u0219terii fructelor, putrezirea \u0219i apoi c\u0103derea acestora.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0103duchele \u021bestos al prunului<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Denumit \u0219tiin\u021bific Parthenolecanium corni<\/em>, p\u0103duchele \u021bestos al prunului are o genera\u021bie pe an. Ierneaz\u0103 \u00een stadiul de larv\u0103 de v\u00e2rsta a doua \u00een cr\u0103p\u0103turile scoar\u021bei tulpinilor \u0219i a ramurilor, la baza mugurilor sau pe frunzele c\u0103zute. Este un d\u0103un\u0103tor polifag, \u00eens\u0103 cele mai mari pagube le produce la prun. Femelele \u0219i larvele acestui d\u0103un\u0103tor \u00een\u021beap\u0103 \u0219i sug seva, apoi introduc \u00een plant\u0103 enzime odat\u0103 cu saliva, enzime care provoac\u0103 necrozarea \u021besuturilor. Frunzele atacate se etioleaz\u0103 \u0219i cad prematur. \u00cen caz de atacuri puternice \u0219i repetate, se produce debilitarea prunilor, produc\u021bia scade, iar \u00een timp, pomii se usuc\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0103duchele sferic al prunului<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Av\u00e2nd denumirea \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 Sphaerolecanium prunastri<\/em>, p\u0103duchele sferic al prunului are o singur\u0103 genera\u021bie pe an. Ierneaz\u0103 \u00een stadiul de larv\u0103 de v\u00e2rsta a doua pe scoar\u021ba ramurilor. Femelele \u0219i larvele \u00een\u021beap\u0103 \u0219i sug seva de la nivelul scoar\u021bei. \u00cen urma atacului se produce debilitarea \u0219i uscarea pomilor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Viespea semin\u021belor de prun<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Denumit\u0103 \u0219tiin\u021bific Eurytoma schreinerii<\/em>, viespea semin\u021belor de prun are o singur\u0103 genera\u021bie pe an. Ierneaz\u0103 \u00een stadiul de larv\u0103 \u00een s\u00e2mburii fructelor c\u0103zute pe sol sau \u00een cele r\u0103mase \u00een pomi. Fructele atacate de acest d\u0103un\u0103tor se dezvolt\u0103 mai slab, au o culoare mai \u00eenchis\u0103 \u0219i \u00eencep s\u0103 cad\u0103 \u00een perioada maturiz\u0103rii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Viespea neagr\u0103 a prunului<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Viespea neagr\u0103 a prunului, av\u00e2nd denumirea \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 de Hoplocampa minuta<\/em>, are o singur\u0103 genera\u021bie pe an. Ierneaz\u0103 \u00een stadiul de larv\u0103 \u00een sol, \u00een coconi de m\u0103tase acoperi\u021bi de particule de p\u0103m\u00e2nt, la o ad\u00e2ncime de 2-10 cm. Adul\u021bii apar e\u0219alonat \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu \u00eembobocirea prunilor \u0219i p\u00e2n\u0103 la c\u0103derea petalelor. Pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce \u00eenfloresc prunii, femelele acestui d\u0103un\u0103tor depun ou\u0103le \u00een interiorul florilor. Dup\u0103 eclozare, larvele p\u0103trund \u00een interiorul fructelor tinere, cu pulpa c\u0103rora se hr\u0103nesc, iar la finalul dezvolt\u0103rii, acestea p\u0103r\u0103sesc fructele \u0219i se retrag \u00een sol pentru a hiberna. Fructele atacate se opresc din dezvoltare \u0219i cad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0103duchele din San Jose<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

P\u0103duchele din San Jose, denumit \u0219tiin\u021bific Quadraspidiotus perniciosus<\/em>, are 2 genera\u021bii pe an. Ierneaz\u0103 \u00een stadiul de larv\u0103 de v\u00e2rsta I, sub scut, pe scoar\u021ba pomilor. \u00cen urma atacului acestui d\u0103un\u0103tor, \u021besutul se \u00eenro\u0219e\u0219te \u0219i se necrozeaz\u0103, iar \u00een cazul ramurilor \u00eenro\u0219irea cuprinde toat\u0103 scoar\u021ba \u0219i o parte din lemn. Pe frunze, se localizeaz\u0103 \u00een jurul nervurilor, iar pe fructe apar pete ro\u0219ii sub forma unor aureole. Frunzele pomilor ataca\u021bi se \u00eeng\u0103lbenesc, iar dezvoltarea lor este \u00eent\u00e2rziat\u0103. Plantele se usuc\u0103 de la baz\u0103 la v\u00e2rf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Minierul marmorat<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Denumit \u0219tiin\u021bific Phyllonorycter blanncardella<\/em>, minierul marmorat atac\u0103 diver\u0219i pomi fructiferi \u0219i arbu\u0219ti ornamentali. Larvele sale se hr\u0103nesc cu \u021besuturile aflate \u00eentre epiderma superioar\u0103 \u0219i cea inferioar\u0103 a frunzelor. \u00cen urma unui atac masiv al acestui d\u0103un\u0103tor este redus\u0103 puternic capacitatea de fotosintez\u0103, ceea ce determin\u0103 o sc\u0103dere semnificativ\u0103 a produc\u021biei.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cele mai eficiente tratamente \u00eempotriva d\u0103un\u0103torilor prunului<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Pentru a proteja livada de pruni, sunt necesare tratamentele cu insecticide<\/a> <\/strong>\u0219i acaricide<\/a><\/strong>. \u00cen continuare \u00ee\u021bi spunem care sunt cele mai eficiente tratamente \u00eempotriva d\u0103un\u0103torilor prunului.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Insecticid Calypso 480 SC<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Insecticidul Calypso 480 SC<\/a><\/strong> are o selectivitate excep\u021bional\u0103 fa\u021b\u0103 de insectele utile. Poate fi utilizat \u0219i \u00een fl\u0103c\u0103ri, f\u0103r\u0103 a distruge insectele polinizatoare, cum ar fi albinele sau bondarii. Are remarcabile propriet\u0103\u021bi sistemice \u00een plante. Ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 asupra d\u0103un\u0103torilor prin contact \u0219i ingestie. Activitatea sa nu este influen\u021bat\u0103 de temperaturile existente la momentul efectu\u0103rii tratamentului \u0219i nici de precipita\u021biile care cad dup\u0103 aplicare. Dintre d\u0103un\u0103torii prunului, acest insecticid este bun pentru combaterea p\u0103duchelui cenu\u0219iu, p\u0103duchelui din San Jose, a viermelui prunelor \u0219i viespilor. Doza recomandat\u0103 este de 200 ml insecticid Calypso\/ha.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Insecticid Novadim Progress<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\"Insecticid<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Insecticidul Novadim Progress<\/a><\/strong> asigur\u0103 o protec\u021bie eficace \u00eempotriva insectelor cu aparat bucal de rupere \u0219i masticare, precum \u0219i a celor care \u00een\u021beap\u0103 \u021besuturile \u0219i sug seva. Atac\u0103 sistemul nervos al insectelor \u0219i acarienilor. La prun este recomandat pentru combaterea p\u0103duchelui cenu\u0219iu \u0219i se recomand\u0103 utilizarea sa \u00een doz\u0103 de 100 ml \u00een 100 l ap\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Insecticid Actara 25 WG<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Insecticidul Actara 25 WG<\/a><\/strong> ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 prin contact \u0219i ingestie. P\u0103trunde rapid \u00een plant\u0103 \u0219i este transportat ascendent prin sistemul vascular, oferind astfel protec\u021bie \u00eentregii plante \u0219i noilor sale cre\u0219teri. Este eficient \u00eempotriva d\u0103un\u0103torilor at\u00e2t \u00een stadiu de larv\u0103, c\u00e2t \u0219i \u00een stadiu de adult. Dintre d\u0103un\u0103torii p\u0103rului, acest insecticid este eficient \u00eempotriva puricelui melifer \u0219i se recomand\u0103 \u00een doz\u0103 de 0,150 kg\/ha.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Insecticid Lamdex Neo<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Insecticidul Lamdex Neo<\/a><\/strong> este bun pentru combaterea unui spectru larg de d\u0103un\u0103tori din diverse culturi, inclusiv pruni. Se aplic\u0103 prin stropire, \u00een timpul perioadei de vegeta\u021bie, \u00eens\u0103 se evit\u0103 efectuarea tratamentului \u00een temperaturile ridicate din timpul zilei, \u00eentruc\u00e2t acestea determin\u0103 degradarea produsului.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Insecticid Coragen<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\"Insecticid<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Insecticidul Coragen<\/a> <\/strong>are ac\u021biune sistemic\u0103 local\u0103 \u0219i translaminar\u0103. Ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 prin ingestie \u0219i absorb\u021bie cuticular\u0103. Inhibarea hr\u0103nirii insectei survine rapid, de la c\u00e2teva minute p\u00e2n\u0103 la c\u00e2teva ore dup\u0103 ingerare. D\u0103un\u0103torul afectat devine imobil \u0219i dezorientat, ajung\u00e2nd s\u0103 cad\u0103 de pe frunze. Moartea larvar\u0103 survine \u00een termen de 24-60 de ore dup\u0103 procesul ini\u021bial de ingerare\/absorb\u021bie. La prun se recomand\u0103 pentru tratarea \u00eempotriva viermelui prunelor, \u00een doz\u0103 de 100 ml\/ha.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Solu\u021bii pentru a preveni apari\u021bia d\u0103un\u0103torilor prunului<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

De\u0219i exist\u0103 o serie de tratamente eficiente pentru a elimina d\u0103un\u0103torii prunului, sunt \u0219i c\u00e2teva solu\u021bii prin care se poate preveni apari\u021bia acestora. Iat\u0103 c\u00e2teva dintre ele:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  • Efectuarea ar\u0103turilor ad\u00e2nci de toamn\u0103 \u0219i prim\u0103var\u0103, pentru a se distruge coconii care ierneaz\u0103 \u00een sol.<\/li>
  • Se str\u00e2ng \u0219i se distrug fructele infestate, \u00eenainte de ie\u0219irea larvelor.<\/li>
  • Se taie l\u0103starii cu gale prim\u0103vara foarte devreme, \u00eenainte ca femelele d\u0103un\u0103torilor s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i \u00eenceap\u0103 migrarea.<\/li>
  • L\u0103starii infesta\u021bi rezulta\u021bi \u00een urma t\u0103ierilor se str\u00e2ng \u0219i se ard.<\/li>
  • Utilizarea capcanelor.<\/li>
  • Se evit\u0103 recoltarea ramurilor altoi din livezile \u00een care s-a semnalat prezen\u021ba d\u0103un\u0103torilor.<\/li>
  • Se sap\u0103 solul din jurul pomilor, pentru a scoate la suprafa\u021b\u0103 coconii \u0219i a-i expune temperaturilor nefavorabile.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    Concluzie<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    D\u0103un\u0103torii prunului pot distruge recolta \u0219i pomii. Exist\u0103 diverse solu\u021bii menite s\u0103 previn\u0103 apari\u021bia acestor d\u0103un\u0103tori. \u00cen cazul \u00een care totu\u0219i apar, este recomandat s\u0103 se aplice tratamente cu diverse insecticide, pentru a elimina complet d\u0103un\u0103torii prunului \u0219i a proteja livada.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Dintre toate speciile de pomi fructiferi, prunul se num\u0103r\u0103 printre cele mai atacate de d\u0103un\u0103tori. Atunci c\u00e2nd d\u0103un\u0103torii prunului nu […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":37,"featured_media":23423,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[1656],"tags":[1879,1639,1826],"class_list":["post-23422","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-pomicultura","tag-insecticide","tag-pomicultor","tag-pomicultura"],"yoast_head":"\nD\u0103un\u0103torii prunului: Clasificare, diagnostic al bolii, tratamente - Plantmaster<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"D\u0103un\u0103torii prunului pot distruge recolta \u0219i pomii. 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