{"id":29507,"date":"2024-04-17T13:00:59","date_gmt":"2024-04-17T10:00:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.plantmaster.ro\/blog\/?p=29507"},"modified":"2024-04-17T13:01:01","modified_gmt":"2024-04-17T10:01:01","slug":"cartoful-tot-ce-trebuie-sa-stii-despre-cartof","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.plantmaster.ro\/blog\/agricultura\/cartoful-tot-ce-trebuie-sa-stii-despre-cartof\/","title":{"rendered":"Cartoful \u2013 tot ce trebuie s\u0103 \u0219tii despre cartof<\/strong>"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Cartoful, av\u00e2nd denumirea \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 Solanum tuberosum<\/em>, este o plant\u0103 anual\u0103, cu r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103 fibroas\u0103, ramificat\u0103, cu mare putere de absorb\u021bie \u0219i cu tulpini subterane (stoloni \u0219i tuberculi). Stolonii sunt ramifica\u021bii ale tulpinii subterane, sunt \u00eengro\u0219a\u021bi \u0219i suculen\u021bi. Tuberculii sunt organele plantei \u00een care se acumuleaz\u0103 cantit\u0103\u021bi mari de substan\u021be de rezerv\u0103. Frunzele cartofului sunt compuse, imparipenat-sectate, cu foliole de diferite m\u0103rimi, dispuse altern. Are flori grupate \u00een cime \u0219i corola de culori variate, precum alb, violaceu, albastru, roz-violacee, g\u0103lbui. Fructul cartofului este o bac\u0103 sferic\u0103 necomestibil\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Este un aliment de baz\u0103 \u00een alimenta\u021bia multor popoare. Este utilizat \u00een prepararea m\u00e2nc\u0103rurilor, \u00een industria alcoolului, furajarea animalelor \u0219i fabricarea diverselor produse derivate. \u00cen Rom\u00e2nia, cartoful se cultiv\u0103 preponderent \u00een zona subcarpatic\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cerin\u021bele pe care le are cartoful privind factorii de mediu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

R\u0103d\u0103cinile cartofului \u00eencep s\u0103 creasc\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd temperatura este de 6-7\u00b0C, \u00eens\u0103 temperatura optim\u0103 pentru cre\u0219terea plantelor \u0219i formarea tuberculilor este de 15-18\u00b0C. Lumina insuficient\u0103 afecteaz\u0103 cre\u0219terea tuturor p\u0103r\u021bilor plantei \u0219i influen\u021beaz\u0103 negativ produc\u021bia tuberculilor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Umiditatea din sol trebuie s\u0103 fie men\u021binut\u0103 la 70-80% din capacitatea de c\u00e2mp pentru ap\u0103. Tuberculii stagneaz\u0103 din cre\u0219tere atunci c\u00e2nd umiditatea este insuficient\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cum se cultiv\u0103 cartoful?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Cartoful se cultiv\u0103 dup\u0103 alte solanacee. Este recomandat\u0103 rota\u021bia culturii la patru ani, \u00eens\u0103 se poate realiza \u0219i la trei sau doi ani, dac\u0103 nu a existat atac de nematozi \u00een cultur\u0103. Plantele recomandate ca fiind premerg\u0103toare la cartof sunt: gramineele, cerealele, p\u0103ioasele, trifoiul, lucerna, leguminoasele anuale, porumbul, v\u0103rzoasele, inul, floarea-soarelui, r\u0103d\u0103cinoasele sau plantele bulboase. Nu este recomandat ca plant\u0103 premerg\u0103toare s\u0103 fie sfecla de zah\u0103r. Nu se recomand\u0103 monocultura \u00een cazul cartofului.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pentru a avea produc\u021bii ridicate, cartoful consum\u0103 cantit\u0103\u021bi mari de elemente nutritive, iar azotul este unul dintre elementele esen\u021biale pentru produc\u021bia de cartof, \u00eentruc\u00e2t acesta contribuie la sporirea masei foliare \u0219i la formarea unui sistem radicular dezvoltat. Fosforul este de asemenea important, el determin\u00e2nd rezisten\u021ba tuberculilor la v\u0103t\u0103m\u0103ri mecanice \u0219i la p\u0103strare, \u00een timp ce potasiul este important deoarece determin\u0103 cre\u0219terea con\u021binutului de amidon \u0219i rezisten\u021ba la p\u0103strare. Pentru a se ob\u021bine rezultate bune din cultura cartofului, este recomandat\u0103 fertilizarea cu gunoi de grajd sau cu \u00eengr\u0103\u0219\u0103minte organo-minerale. \u00cenainte de sem\u0103nare se poate fertiliza cu \u00eengr\u0103\u0219\u0103m\u00e2nt complex NPK, folosind doze stabilite \u00een func\u021bie de o analiz\u0103 prealabil\u0103 a solului.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dup\u0103 ce terenul s-a eliberat, se realizeaz\u0103 o lucrare cu grapa cu discuri pentru a se distruge buruienile \u0219i resturile vegetale. Imediat se realizeaz\u0103 ar\u0103tura, la o ad\u00e2ncime de 28-30 cm. Dac\u0103 se dore\u0219te \u00eenfiin\u021barea culturii de cartofi pe un sol compact sau greu, se execut\u0103 scarificarea terenului, \u00eentruc\u00e2t tasarea solului reduce drastic produc\u021bia de cartofi. Dup\u0103 efectuarea ar\u0103turii sau a scarific\u0103rii, se realizeaz\u0103 nivelarea terenului.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Terenul se preg\u0103te\u0219te pentru plantat la o ad\u00e2ncime de 14-18 cm, cu ajutorul combinatorului, dup\u0103 care se realizeaz\u0103 bilonarea \u00een rigole sau brazde \u00eenalte. C\u00e2nd se planteaz\u0103, se construie\u0219te un bilon cu o \u00een\u0103l\u021bime de 10-12 cm, iar dup\u0103 \u00eenr\u0103d\u0103cinare, bilonul se \u00eenal\u021b\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 la o \u00een\u0103l\u021bime de 30 cm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Este recomandat ca pentru plantare s\u0103 se foloseasc\u0103 material de plantat<\/a><\/strong> s\u0103n\u0103tos, f\u0103r\u0103 boli \u0219i d\u0103un\u0103tori. Pot fi utilizate soiuri rezistente la agen\u021bi patogeni.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cartoful se planteaz\u0103 c\u00e2nd temperatura este de 7\u00b0C, iar din punct de vedere calendaristic, epoca de plantare este 5-15 martie pentru cartoful timpuriu \u0219i 5-25 martie pentru celelalte soiuri. Densitatea este cuprins\u0103 \u00eentre 45-75 mii de cuiburi\/ha iar cantitatea de tuberculi este de 1300-4100 kg\/ha.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Umiditatea solului trebuie men\u021binut\u0103 la 70-80% pe toat\u0103 perioada de vegeta\u021bie. Se administreaz\u0103 3-12 ud\u0103ri, \u00een func\u021bie de condi\u021biile pedoclimatice. Norma de udare a culturii de cartof este de 300-500 mc\/ha. Poate fi utilizat\u0103 irigarea prin picurare. Cea mai mare nevoie de ap\u0103 este de la tuberizare p\u00e2n\u0103 la maturitate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Combaterea buruienilor \u00een cultura de cartof<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Combaterea buruienilor poate fi realizat\u0103 mecanic sau chimic, iar \u00een cazul combaterii chimice, vor fi aplicate erbicide omologate. Se respect\u0103 specifica\u021biile de pe etichet\u0103, \u00een func\u021bie de produsul utilizat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Boli \u0219i d\u0103un\u0103tori ai cartofului<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Principalele boli care pot afecta cultura cartofului sunt: mana, putregaiul, alternarioza. Principalii d\u0103un\u0103tori sunt: g\u00e2ndacul de Colorado, afidele, viermele s\u00e2rm\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Recoltarea \u0219i p\u0103strarea cartofilor<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Cartoful extratimpuriu se recolteaz\u0103 c\u00e2nd tuberculii au dep\u0103\u0219it greutatea de 30 g. \u00cen cazul cartofului pentru industrializare, recoltarea se realizeaz\u0103 la maturitate, iar cartofii destina\u021bi consumului de var\u0103 se recolteaz\u0103 \u00een func\u021bie de necesit\u0103\u021bi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pentru a reduce v\u0103t\u0103marea tuberculilor, recoltarea se realizeaz\u0103 c\u00e2nd temperatura este de 10-12\u00b0C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dac\u0103 tuberculii au o stare fitosanitar\u0103 bun\u0103 \u0219i recoltarea s-a realizat \u00een condi\u021bii optime, p\u0103strarea se poate realiza f\u0103r\u0103 pierderi. \u00cen condi\u021bii ideale de p\u0103strare, pierderile sunt de 5-8,2% pentru o perioad\u0103 de 6 luni. Cele mai bune rezultate se ob\u021bin \u00een depozite cu atmosfer\u0103 controlat\u0103.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Cartoful, av\u00e2nd denumirea \u0219tiin\u021bific\u0103 Solanum tuberosum, este o plant\u0103 anual\u0103, cu r\u0103d\u0103cin\u0103 fibroas\u0103, ramificat\u0103, cu mare putere de absorb\u021bie \u0219i […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":37,"featured_media":29508,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[1658,1653],"tags":[1751,1630,1851],"class_list":["post-29507","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-agricultura","category-legumicultura","tag-agricultor","tag-agricultura","tag-legumicultura"],"yoast_head":"\nCartoful \u2013 tot ce trebuie s\u0103 \u0219tii despre cartof - 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